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From place names to pronouns, the English language is full of surprises. Many of them are thanks to the Vikings. Discover how Old Norse left its lasting mark on modern English.

They may have spent decades invading, but the Vikings and their descendants left their mark on the British Isles in more ways than one. The English language wouldn't be what it is today without the influence from the Norse people.

In the 9th and 10th centuries, Scandinavians crossed the North Sea in great numbers. Their legacy is still very much alive in hundreds of place names and personal names, not to mention everyday items and even days of the week.

An article in the research journal Antiquity suggested that the number of Scandinavians moving to the British Isles during the Viking Age may have been larger than previous DNA studies suggested.

As many as 35,000 Scandinavians may have relocated to England. Eventually, these newcomers settled across the country, marrying into local families.

Most of the Nordic languages spoken today trace their roots back to Old Norse, which also had its influence on the English language.

Scandinavians lived and farmed alongside the Old English speakers in the time of Danelaw. So, it's perhaps no surprise that the English language developed to include many terms previously only used in Old Norse.

Old Norse and Old English

Before we dive into the specifics of Viking words, it's important for context to take a look at the languages of the time.

Old English, the language spoken in much of the British Isles at the time, was quite a different language to the one we know today. In much the same way as Old Norse is very difficult to read for a Norwegian today, Old English would be a challenge to a native English speaker.

English and Old Norse are both members of the Germanic language family. Although distantly related today, some 1,200 years ago Old English and Old Norse were more closely related.

It's hard to know for sure because of the primarily spoken nature of language of the time, but it's possible that the two languages were to some extent mutually intelligible.

Read more: The Languages of Norway

This means that Old English adapting to include some Old Norse words wouldn't have seemed particularly strange at the time. It's only by looking back with hindsight that we can see how big an influence the Scandinavians had.

Mapping the Norse Legacy: Viking Place Names

I grew up just a few miles from a small village called Naseby. I didn't know it at the time, but this was my first exposure to a Viking-influenced place name.

The hint? Look for a -by suffix at the end of the name. Still used in Norwegian today, by simply means place, town or city, although it used to mean farm.

In the British Isles today there are hundreds of place names of Old Norse origin. Many of them are in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, which fall within the former boundaries of the Danelaw.

The suffix -by (from Old Norse 产媒谤, meaning farm or settlement) is one of the clearest markers of Viking influence. Examples include:

• Grimsby, meaning 鈥淕rim鈥檚 village鈥�
• Derby, from聽Dj煤ra产媒谤聽or 鈥渧illage of the deer鈥�
• Whitby, meaning 鈥渨hite settlement鈥�
• Selby, from聽selja 产媒谤, possibly 鈥渨illow farm鈥�

Other common Norse place-name elements include:

• -thorpe, from聽镁辞谤辫, meaning a small village or secondary settlement. Found in names like Scunthorpe and Cleethorpes.
• -kirk听辞谤听Kirk-, from聽kirkja, meaning church. Kirkby, Ormskirk and Kirkstall all bear this marker.
• -holm听辞谤听-hulme, from聽holmr, meaning an islet or raised ground in marshy land.
• -ness, from聽nes, meaning headland or promontory鈥擲kegness, Dungeness.
• Thwaite, from聽镁惫别颈迟, meaning a clearing or meadow, as in Braithwaite or Applethwaite.

Even the capital city of York bears a Norse name. Once the Roman town of Eboracum and later the Anglo-Saxon Eoforwic, the Vikings renamed it 闯贸谤惫铆办, which evolved into modern-day York.

Personal Pronouns: They, Them and Their

Even if you don't know the specifics, many people have heard that there are place names of Viking origin in England. However, I'd wager that far fewer know about the of personal pronouns.

Among the most surprising Viking influences on English are the third-person plural pronouns: they, them, and their. These come directly from Old Norse (镁别颈谤, 镁别颈尘, 镁别颈谤a), replacing the Old English equivalents 丑墨别, him, and heora.

This linguistic shift wasn鈥檛 purely random. It may have helped avoid confusion with similar-sounding singular pronouns like he and him, especially as dialects mingled. The Norse forms gained traction in areas of Viking settlement and gradually spread throughout the country, eventually entering standard English.

The shift was so complete that most English speakers today have no idea these most common words are Viking imports.

Verbs from the North

The Vikings gave English a surprising number of common verbs. These often replaced native Old English words, possibly because the Norse forms were simpler or more widely understood in the new mixed communities.

Here are some key examples:

• Take, from Old Norse聽taka, replaced Old English聽niman
• Give, from聽gefa
• Die, from聽deyja, displaced the Old English聽sweltan
• Call, from聽kalla
• Lift, from聽lypta
• Hug, possibly from聽hugga, meaning to comfort
• Ski, from聽蝉办铆冒, a Norse innovation that still defines Scandinavian culture

Even auxiliary verbs and conjugations were affected. The English word聽are聽(as in聽they are) is a hybrid of Old Norse聽eru and Old English聽earun, blending forms that were already similar.

Words of War and Survival

Given the Vikings鈥� early reputation as warriors, it鈥檚 no surprise that many military and conflict-related words in English are of Norse origin.

These include:

• Slaughter, from聽蝉濒谩迟谤, meaning butchered meat
• Ransack, from聽rannsaka, meaning to search a house
• Scathe, meaning harm or damage
• Knife, from聽办苍铆蹿谤
• Axe, from聽酶虫
• Club, from聽klubba

One of the most colourful additions is berserk, from berserkr, a compound of ber (bear) and serkr (shirt). It referred to warriors who fought with frenzied rage, said to wear bear skins into battle and channel animalistic energy.

Norse in Regional Dialects

In the north and east of England, Norse influence remains visible in dialect speech. In Yorkshire, Cumbria and parts of Lancashire, you鈥檒l still hear people refer to a child as a聽bairn听辞谤听barn, just like in modern Norwegian (barn).

The word dale meaning valley likely comes from the Old Norse dalur, which has become dal in modern Norwegian. There are many other words of Norse origin used in and around Yorkshire that you can .

Other examples include:

• Lad听补苍诲听lass, common in northern England, possibly from Norse roots
• Dale, from聽dalr, still seen in names like Swaledale and Wensleydale
• Garth, a word for yard or enclosure
• Beck, meaning stream, from聽bekkr
• Laik, meaning to play or have fun, from聽leika

Some dialects retain Norse grammar too. In Shetland, for instance, the local dialect includes reflexes of Norse vocabulary and syntax even centuries after the language itself disappeared.

The Curious Case of Norn

Perhaps the most direct descendant of Old Norse in the British Isles was聽Norn, once spoken in Shetland, Orkney and parts of Caithness. It developed from Norse brought by settlers in the 9th century and remained in use well into the 18th century.

Norn was never a written language in the way Old Norse was, and it gradually gave way to Scots and English. The last native speakers likely died in the early 1800s, although fragments survive in ballads, place names and vocabulary.

Today, traces of Norn still echo in Shetlandic English, particularly in pronunciation and certain expressions. gives a good summary of words still in regular use.

Some enthusiasts have even attempted to reconstruct or revive Norn as a cultural project.

The Norse Legacy in Names

Personal names in Britain also reflect Norse heritage. Names like聽Eric,聽Harold,聽Rolf,聽Gunnar, and聽Astrid聽are all of Old Norse origin and remain in use today. Surnames such as聽Halsall,聽Thorpe,聽Kirk, and聽Rogerson聽may also reflect Viking roots.

The name聽Norman, ironically, comes from聽狈辞谤冒尘补冒谤, meaning 鈥淣orthman鈥濃�攁 nod to the Norsemen who settled in Normandy before invading England in 1066.

Why This Matters

The story of Norse influence on English is more than a historical footnote. It鈥檚 a powerful example of how languages evolve through contact, conflict and coexistence.

Far from disappearing, the Norse language was absorbed, adapted and spread across centuries of English speech.

So the next time you say they are going to take the eggs by the window, spare a thought for the Viking traders, farmers and warriors who helped give those words to the English language.

Their influence is written not just on the map鈥攂ut in every sentence we speak.